In membrane bioreactor (MBR) systems, hollow fiber membranes play a crucial role in achieving high effluent quality. These membranes provide a large space for microbial growth and efficiently remove contaminants from wastewater. To optimize the performance of MBR systems, several strategies can be e

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) implemented for wastewater treatment offer several advantages over traditional methods. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes are widely preferred due to their high mechanical strength, chemical resistance, and fouling resistance. , Nevertheless, performance optimizati